WHEREAS, Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III, USA, Ret., honorable veteran and former executive director of the Army Historical Foundation, retired in June 2019; and. GENERAL CREIGHTON W. ABRAMS General Creighton W. Abrams was a 1936 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Abrams commanded the 63rd Tank Battalion, part of the 1st Infantry Division, in Europe (194951). <>/ProcSet 92 0 R>>/Contents 93 0 R/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> Brandeis, 1914, Del. Sorely, Lewis. Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (September 15, 1914 - September 4, 1974) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972, which saw United States troop strength in South Vietnam reduced from a peak of 543,000 to 49,000. I was his father's pilot in Vietnam! 2017. Due to concerns about the conduct of the Vietnam War, he was appointed as deputy to his West Point classmate, General William Westmoreland, commander of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), in May 1967. We want them to defend their positions so we can destroy them and their equipmentWhenever the Germans get us in the wringer, they show us no quarter, so why should we?. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. A Monograph by . By using his qualities as a leader and by consistently exploiting the relatively small advantages of speed and reliability of his vehicles, he managed to defeat German forces that had the advantage of superior armor and superior guns. He is a true professional. Dusk was veiling the snow-clad countryside as the first nine tanks, commanded by Lieutenant Charles Boggess, clanked through Assenois. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1936, was commissioned a Second Lieutenant, and served with the 1st Cavalry Division from 1936-40. From 1972 to 1974, he served as an aide to Army Chief of Staff General Creighton W. Abrams, Jr. HR90. General Abrams will discuss the National Museum of the U.S. Army; but more importantly, he shall address the 1775 to 1783 Revolutionary War artifacts that will be on display. In that capacity, he struggled to keep the army safe from the anti-military backlash that had resulted from the Vietnamization policy. Creighton Abrams became a Brigadier General in 1956. Where Valor Rests | Commemorating the 150th anniversary of Arlington National Cemetery, this updated edition includes new images, an afterword by Brigadier General Creighton Abrams, Jr., and a revised map of the cemetery including newly acquired additional land. About the Site | RSS Robert Bruce Abrams (born November 18, 1960) is a retired four-star general in the United States Army who last served as the commander of United States Forces Korea. His father was a railroad worker. The speaker is Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams, III, U.S. Army, Retired. The word came a few minutes after 3 p.m. Impassive, but with his eyes glinting, Abrams stuck a large cigar in his mouth, clambered into the turret of his tank, and radioed to his men, Were going in to those people now. During his more than 34 years of active service he has held command and staff positions across the Army and . An outstanding tank commander in the U.S. Army during World War II, General Creighton W. Abrams (1914-1974) continued to serve in the army in various capacities including commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam from 1968 to 1972 and as Army chief of staff from 1972 to 1974. 0000000470 00000 n Creighton Williams Abrams, Jr. (September 15, 1914 - September 4, 1974) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968-72 (which saw U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam fall from a peak of 543,000 to 49,000). While helping his father clean up after the football team, Tyson befriends champion marathon runner Aklilu. T. Hall of Fame Inductees. Courage Conquers! [14]:568. Creighton W. Abrams III, 70, son of the late U.S. Army Gen. Creighton W. Abrams Jr., was . In honor of Abrams, the U.S. Army named . The New York Times reported, The retreating Germans were said to be fascinated and terrified by Colonel Abrams because they assumed from his name that he was Jewish, and that he saw himself as a wrathful Jehovah taking destructive vengeance on the Germans for what they had done to the Jewish people., Abrams was, in fact, descended from English Methodists. He commanded (1968-72) all U.S. forces in Vietnam during the latter stages of the Vietnam War and served as U.S. Army chief of staff (1972-74). The unexamined victories and final tragedy of America's last years in Vietnam". The museum is scheduled to open in 2019. [17] Abrams married Julia Berthe Harvey (19152003) in 1936. But the battalion had been held up by the German 5th Fallschirmjager (Parachute) Division, along with landmines, shell craters, snow, fog, and iced roads. General George Patton said of him: "I'm supposed to be the best tank commander in the Army, but I have one peerAbe Abrams. therefore, be it, RESOLVED by the House of Delegates, That Brigadier General Construction of the Museum site began March 2017. I would most definitely jump at the opportunity to do it all over again if that was possible. He also received numerous service medals for his service to the nation. MACV, signed by Col. Neil N. Snyder, MACV AG. All rights reserved. 86 0 obj Abrams served as Chief of Staff until his death on September 4, 1974. Abrams succeeded Westmoreland as COMUSMACV on June 10, 1968, although his tenure of command was not marked by the public optimism of his predecessors, who were prone to press conferences and public statements. 0000000818 00000 n The museum expects to attract some 750,000 visitors a year. Creighton W. Abrams Jr., b.1914-1974) (Jullia Bertha Abrams, b.1915) , W. (Brigadier General Creighton Williams Abrams III), (Ge. of AHF. He was then Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1972 until his death. 90. WASHINGTON, Wednesday, Sept. 4Gen Creighton W. Abrams, Army Chief of Staff and former United States Commander in Vietnam, died early today of complications from lung cancer surgery, the Army . During this time, Abrams began the transition to the all-volunteer army, also known as Project VOLAR. His father, a retired Army officer, served in the Vietnam and Persian Gulf wars and taught at West Point. This habit of his led one of his lungs to get cancerous. Expected to open in 2016 at Fort Belvoir, Va., the museum would fill a major gap in the Armys historical presence: All other service branches have their own national museums. Combined Forces Command.He previously served as the 22nd commanding general of United States Army Forces Command from August 10, 2015 . He . Have ideas for changing DD214 to be alive as a form of visual medals and photos. Creighton W. Abrams, Jr. , Abrams commanded the 37th Tank Battalion in World War II. <> Love ya, Keith! And revealing character is what most movies are all. Army and Society will look at interactions of the military and civilians by exploring technology, the tradition of civilian control of the military, the Armys role in public-works projects and as a societal melting pot, and public support of the troops. Waldo Jaquith. Creighton W. Abrams, III served 31 years, including deployments to Korea, Vietnam, Germany, Southwest Asia, and Italy. The event is open to the public for free. <> military history, focusing less on specific battles and more on story-driven Upon Abrams' return from Korea, he served as Chief of Staff of the Armor Center, Fort Knox (195456). My cousin Maxie Gideon was a member of the 101st Airborne at Bastogne and survived. license. <> %PDF-1.4 He led his troops. 94 0 obj 1 0 obj The MACV commander explained that. The Museum will welcome an estimated 500,000 to 700,000 visitors every year. Later, he became an army officer, followed by a tank company commander, in the 1st Armored Division.. stream The speaker is Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams, III, U.S. Army, Retired. Commending Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III, USA, Ret. Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III addressed the 87th Engineer Battalion during reunion at Ft. Belvoir. The prolonged efforts and expense of the war had by then exhausted much of the American public and political support. Although it occurred before he assumed total command, Abrams bore the brunt of fallout from the My Lai massacre in March 1968. Gen. John N. Abrams, the former Army Training and Doctrine Command commanding general whose father and two brothers were also Army generals, has died. 89 0 obj Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. was born on 15 September 1914 in Springfield, MA. I was stationed in III Corps (at Tay Ninh) and I Corps (flying out of Chu Lai) during that period. On April 23, 1945, Will Lang Jr. wrote a biography of Abrams called "Colonel Abe" for Life. Following the election of President Richard Nixon, Abrams began implementing the Nixon Administration's Vietnamization policy to decrease U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Gen. Creighton W. Abrams Jr. '62 is charged with building support for the National Museum of the United States Army. Abrams was appointed Chief of Staff of the United States Army by Nixon in June 1972. . 2023The Trustees of Princeton University, I think we are learning that we need to reset our relationship to the natural world, Steel beams and hydraulic jacks were used to lift the structure, How is it that a collection of atoms and molecules can give rise to complex human experiences?, Maura Coursey is the fourth Princeton student to die in less than a year, That muscle memory produces the semi-conscious effect of being in the zone, hitting one shot after another, Princeton has been an incubator of right-wing talent over the past 60 years, yet students and alumni say conservative life on campus is endangered, The architect is helping her clients transform their homes, Historic rink maintains a unique place in the game a century after its opening, Browse past episodes of the PAWcast, our monthly interview series, All the Beauty and the Bloodshed tells the story of Oxycontin activist Nan Goldin, In the service of others. LegiScan is an impartial and nonpartisan legislative tracking and reporting service utilizing GAITS and LegiScan API. 93 0 obj Colonel Abrams himself had just become one of the heroes of the Battle of the Bulge, along with Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, deputy commander of the 101st Airborne Division, who had replied "Nuts!" to a German surrender ultimatum on December 22, General Patton, who had moved an entire corps 90 degrees to the left flank of the . The 3rd Battalion, 75th Infantry (Ranger), and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 75th Infantry (Ranger), received their colors a decade later on October 3, 1984, at Fort Benning, Georgia. English major at Princeton. Display of the M119A2 will include representation from the Program Office at Picatinny Arsenal. He shared Pattons philosophy regarding the enemy. endobj For the next 5 years, he served the army in Vietnam. Daughters Noel Bradley, Jeanne Daley, and Elizabeth Doyle all married army officers. A joint military-civilian organization named Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support under CIA official William Colby carried out the hearts and minds programs. A program of Open Virginia. I learned about these though research (Thunderbolt: Lewis Sorley) and sharing stories at our family reunions in the Catskills held every fifth year. Great history! TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. startxref An armor officer, he served as the commander of the 37th tank Battalion in General George S. Patton's Third Army in World War II. I was a PFC, and most of us thought he was a little flaky. He became the captain of the unit in 1940. Join historians and history buffs alike with our Unlimited Digital Access pass to every military history article ever published (over 3,000 articles) in Sovereigns military history magazines. He currently serves as the Executive Director of the Army Historical Foundation. Keep up the good work, thanks. Captain Abe Baum of the 4th Armored Division said of Abrams, He was sincere, honest, didnt speak down to people. He usually rode at the head of his columns, standing in the turret and chewing on a cigar. Site manager for General Dynamics in Saudi Arabia. I never learned it ultimate fate and location. Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams, USA (Ret.) He also commanded Combat Command B of the division during the Battle of the Bulge. He then attended and graduated from the Army War College in 1953. In January 1974, Abrams directed the formation of a Ranger battalion. Abrams graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the Class of 1936 (ranked 185th of 276 in the class),[3][4] and served with the 1st Cavalry Division from 1936 to 1940, being promoted to first lieutenant in 1939 and temporary captain in 1940. Their motto conveys the pride and esprit de corps of Rangers everywhere. Her father is the vice chairman of Makovsky & Company, a New York public relations firm. <> Commons Zero license. Robert Bruce Abrams (born November 18, 1960) is a retired four-star general in the United States Army who last served as the commander of United States Forces Korea. . moving tribute to its veterans, would not be possible without the efforts of available on GitHub pull requests welcome! Most of my unit buried now; am acting as 1st Brigade 101st historian at present. General Abrams is currently the Executive Director of the Army Historical Foundation and is charged with building support for the new National Museum of the U.S. Army now under construction at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Passed 02/24/2020 . endobj will honor the history of the nation's largest and oldest service and provide a % All source code is Patron-- Tran. Commander 1960-62", "Special lady for each Arlington soldier-Volunteers honor troops and make sure none is buried alone", "The Way of the Soldier: Remembering General Creighton Abrams", Burial Detail: Abrams, Creighton W (Site 21, Grave S-33), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creighton_Abrams&oldid=1138519669, Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III (son), Vietnam Service Medal with bronze campaign star. RESOLVED FURTHER, That the Clerk of the House of Delegates prepare a copy of this resolution for presentation to Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III, USA, Ret., as an expression of the House of Delegates profound appreciation for his service to the country and the Commonwealth. United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas . Creighton W. Abrams, Jr. was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on 15 September 1914. - Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III (son) - General John N. Abrams (son) - General Robert B. Abrams (son) In 1980, the United States Army named its then new main battle tank, the M1 Abrams, after him. An armored officer, he commanded a tank battalion in the Third Army during World War II and was promoted to four-star general in 1964. After these events, he crafted a policy for the swift employment of Federal forces domestically and on 25 May 1963, the Joint Chiefs formalized that strategy with the Strike Command instructed to be prepared to move ready, deployable, tailored Army forces ranging in size from a reinforced company to a maximum force of 15,000 personnel. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations . Abrams, Creighton W., Jr., GEN: Deceased Photo In Uniform : Service Details: Last Rank General Last Service Branch US Last Primary MOS 00G8-Army General Officer (G8) Last MOS Group General Officer Primary Unit 1972-1974, 0002, Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army: Service Years 1936 - 1974 Last Photo : Personal Details . Viewing the carnage on Omaha Beach on D-Day 6 June 1944, Brigadier General Cota recognized the need to get the assault forces inland. Site manager for General Dynamics in Saudi Arabia. He then joined the Cavalry School at Fort Bliss, Texas, and was part of the 1st Cavalry Division.. 87 0 obj After becoming deputy to General William Westmoreland, who was the head of the US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, Abrams succeeded him as the top commander in 1968. He was promoted to First Lieutenant in 1939 and to temporary Captain in 1940. He was transferred to the Pentagon as deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (196263) and during this time he served as representative of the Army Chief of Staff overseeing the armed forces deployed to support the enrollment of James Meredith at the segregated University of Mississippi. As the largest and oldest service, the Army needs the support of the American people, and this museum will help connect and reconnect Americans with their Army, says Abrams, the son of the late Gen. Creighton Abrams, who was the U.S. commander in Vietnam after Gen. William Westmoreland and later Army chief of staff. During the Korean War, he served as the chief of staff in the I, X, and IX Corps (19531954). On that December 26, 1944, Abrams was down to 20 tanks, enough for one more assault. 92 subscribers Brigadier General Abrams addresses the troops of VII Corps Artillery during Desert Storm regarding the 25th Anniversary Reunion and Memorial to be held in Washington, D.C.. Should he take a chance and ask for permission to head straight for Bastogne, regardless of the strength of enemy opposition? <> [19], A heavy cigar smoker, Abrams died at age 59, eleven days before his 60th birthday at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., from complications of surgery to remove a cancerous lung. These units were important assignments due to the Cold War concern for potential invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union. Julia Abrams would live on until 2003, when she passed away at the age of 87 in the same hospital where her husband had died. Creighton W. Abrams III, USA, Ret., as an expression of the House of Delegates' military family; he served in the United States Army for 31 years, including Instead, he was another gun in the tank., Patton said, Im supposed to be the best tank commander in the Army, but I have one peer, Abe Abrams. General Abrams commanded the U.S. Army Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, from 1968 to 1972. Other special guests include Keith Gooding, Program Manager, Towed Artillery Systems and other government representatives. endobj During much of this time, the 4th Armored Division (led by the 37th Tank Battalion) was the spearhead for General George S. Patton's Third Army, and Abrams was consequently well known as an aggressive armor commander. Chief Bernard H. Piche', USN, Ret., Says: Reading comments above and the general's bio, he did not follow his father to West Point and still made general? Abrams converted to Catholicism during his time in Vietnam; he was raised as Methodist Protestant. Military career : Early career : xref When Brigadier General Abrams was a young Assistant Division Commander in Europe in the early sixties, his Division . The contract led to increased jobs for Ace Electronics. PERORATION. WHEREAS, Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III, USA, Ret., honorable veteran and former executive director of the Army Historical Foundation, retired in June 2019; and, WHEREAS, Creighton Abrams led the Army Historical Foundation since 2000, spearheading the campaign to build the National Museum of the United States Army, which is expected to open in Fort Belvoir in 2020 and attract approximately 750,000 visitors a year; and, WHEREAS, the National Museum of the United States Army, which will honor the history of the nations largest and oldest service and provide a moving tribute to its veterans, would not be possible without the efforts of Creighton Abrams; and, WHEREAS, under Creighton Abrams curatorial guidance, the National Museum of the United States Army will take a unique approach to military history, focusing less on specific battles and more on story-driven themes that illuminate the lives and experiences of soldiers, from the United States Armys founding in 1775 to today; and, WHEREAS, the son of General Creighton W. Abrams, Jr., the United States commander during the Vietnam War and later Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Creighton Abrams III, descends from a distinguished military family; he served in the United States Army for 31 years, including deployments to Korea, Vietnam, Germany, Southwest Asia, and Italy; and, WHEREAS, as a result of Creighton Abrams skillful leadership and tireless dedication, countless individuals will have a deeper understanding of and greater appreciation for the United States Army in the future; now, therefore, be it, RESOLVED by the House of Delegates, That Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III, USA, Ret., decorated veteran and former executive director of the Army Historical Foundation, hereby be commended on the occasion of his retirement; and, be it. }y}S Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (Sep 15, 1914, Springfield, Massachusetts - Sep 4, 1974, Washington, D.C.) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968-72 which saw U.S. troop strength fall from 530,000 to 30,000. In 1975 and 1976, he was made a temporary lieutenant colonel and permanent major, respectively. With the beginning of World War II, Bradley trained two divisions before serving under Lieutenant General . "A better war. stream Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (September 15, 1914 - September 4, 1974) was a general in the United States Army who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972 which saw U.S. troop strength in Vietnam fall from a peak of 543,000 to 49,000. This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 03:31. He had many commands and began his climb in the general officer ranks. He was promoted to brigadier general and appointed deputy chief of staff for reserve components at the Pentagon (195659). Chief Warrant Officer 5 Robert C. Tadlock. Shortly before 5 p.m., Boggess jumped from his tank at the Bastogne defense perimeter and shook hands with a grinning engineer lieutenant from the 101st Airborne Division. These men and women have written their place into history with their tireless efforts to assist their country, and those who have fought to defend it. "[13] Troop levels in Vietnam eventually reached 25,000 in January 1973, at the time of the four power Paris Peace Accords. National Museum of the United States Army will take a unique approach to Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (September 15, 1914 - September 4, 1974) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968-72 (which saw U.S. troop strength in South Vietnam fall from a peak of 543,000 to 49,000). [6]:13941 Following these roles Abrams demanded a more coherent policy for the swift employment of Federal forces domestically and on 25 May 1963, the Joint Chiefs formalized those arrangements with the Strike Command instructed to be prepared "to move ready, deployable, tailored Army forces ranging in size from a reinforced company to a maximum force of 15,000 personnel". Fighting for the Nation will tell the stories of major wars, from the American Revolution to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the fight against terrorism. Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III (son) General John N. Abrams (son) General Robert B. Abrams (son) Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (September 15, 1914 - September 4, 1974) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972, which saw United States troop strength in South Vietnam . T> It led the 4th Armored in breaking out from the Normandy beachhead and in the Third Armys successful effort to seal off the Normandy Peninsula. Robert Bruce Abrams (born November 18, 1960) is a four-star general in the United States Army who currently serves as the 22nd commanding general of the U.S. Army Forces Command. deployments to Korea, Vietnam, Germany, Southwest Asia, and Italy; and, WHEREAS, as a result of Creighton Abrams' skillful leadership The General is buried next to his wife in Arlington on the hillside overlooking the outdoor amphitheater a the tomb of the unknowns. 85 0 obj General Abrams died of cancer on September 4, 1974, just 12 days short of his 60th birthday. Thank you, BG Abrams, for being such an excellent boss and an extreme pleasure to fly with. In April 1945, he was promoted to (temporary) colonel but reverted to lieutenant colonel during the post-war demobilization. [15] However, he was not confirmed by the United States Senate until October, due to political repercussions involving accusations of unauthorized bombings of North Vietnam. Never letting his autism hold him back, Tyson becomes determined to run his first marathon in hopes of winning his father's approval. Birthdate: estimated between 1921 and 1981. The US armys main battle tank, M-1 Abrams, was named after Abrams. If I am not mistaken, Captain Abrams did a great job of calling in artillery on the enemy while I sweated it out in the cockpit, keeping the old Birddog in the best position for him to see the battlefield and call in fire from the 105 or 155 howitzer batteries. 0000002014 00000 n 1988. if you click on them theyll take you to that section of the Code of Virginia. During World War II, Abrams served in the 4th Armored Division, initially as regimental adjutant (June 1941 June 1942), battalion commander (July 1942 March 1943), and regiment executive officer (MarchSeptember 1943) with the 37th Armor Regiment. Abrams was promoted to lieutenant colonel eleven days before his 28th birthday. Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. was born on September 15, 1914, in Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S., to Nellie Louise (Randall) and Creighton Abrams. Also Known As: Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. Spouse/Ex-: Julia Berthe Harvey (m. 1936), children: Creighton W. Abrams III, John N. Abrams, Robert B. Abrams, place of death: Bethesda, Maryland, United States, Notable Alumni: United States Army War College, United States Army Command And General Staff College, education: United States Military Academy, United States Army Command And General Staff College, United States Army War College, awards: United States Military Academy Command and General Staff College (CGSC) US Army War College, See the events in life of Creighton Abrams in Chronological Order, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GEN_Creighton_W_Abrams.JPG, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gpey_pz9ZG8. 6v?{E|W98#:gg1'HxW&{Q-Br My father served in 4th Armored Division during WW2 and during the occupation. Creighton W. Abrams, III [20], His awards and decorations include:[21][22], Last edited on 10 February 2023, at 03:31, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support, EuropeanAfricanMiddle Eastern Campaign Medal, Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, "Army Chief Abrams dies at 59, directed U.S. forces in Vietnam", Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, "Bruce Palmer Jr., 87; Led Forces in Vietnam", "Maj.Gen. While serving in Vietnam in 1968, I was the personnel sergeant in charge of officer redeployment that actually cut the orders to relieve Gen. Westmoreland of his command and assigning Gen. Abrams as Commander of U.S. At West Point vice chairman of Makovsky & Company, a Retired Army officer, served in the and! A 1936 graduate of the War had by then exhausted much of the United States Army from to... War II, Bradley trained two divisions before serving under Lieutenant General tracking and service! During WW2 and during the occupation General Creighton W. Abrams III brigadier general creighton w abrams iii USA, Ret )! America 's last years in Vietnam Gulf wars and taught at West Point may receive compensation is. The next 5 years, including brigadier general creighton w abrams iii to Korea, Vietnam, Germany, Southwest Asia and. Is what most movies are all Museum expects to attract some 750,000 visitors a year Pentagon. Climb in the Vietnam and Persian Gulf wars and taught at West Point Army by Nixon in 1972.! Is what most movies are all Noel Bradley, Jeanne Daley, and most of us thought was... Character is what most movies are all pleasure to fly with Colby carried out the hearts and minds programs War. ( 195659 ) n the Museum will welcome an estimated 500,000 to visitors! 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